centum languages การใช้

• Others are argued to be borrowings from Centum languages.
• In the centum languages, PIE roots reconstructed with palatovelars developed into forms with plain velars.
• In the centum languages, no chain shift occurred, and the uvulars merged into the velars.
• Centum languages also retained the distinction between the PIE labiovelar row ( *, *, * ) and the plain velars.
• Old European hydronymy has been taken as indicating an early ( Bronze Age ) Indo-European predecessor of the later centum languages.
• They are also known to have spoken centum languages, whereas the " Tukhara " of Bactria spoke a satem language .)
• In centum languages, the palatovelars, which included the initial consonant of the " hundred " root, merged with the plain velars.
• The status of Armenian as a satem language as opposed to a centum language with secondary assibilation rests on the evidence of a very few words.
• Analogous to the depalatalization of the satem languages, the centum languages show delabialisation of labiovelars when adjacent to * w ( or its allophone * u ), according to a rule known as the bouk髄os rule.
• As this map of Indo-European isoglosses shows, the Proto-Germanic language is classified as a centum language ( green border ), but also shares phonological properties with the Baltic and Slavic languages ( pink border ) which are satem languages.
• Here loaning must have occurred predating the depalatalisation of centum languages, and the later development into the Baltic * a
  reflected as Finn . " h " in borrowings, or Iranian * c medially reflected as Finn . " t ".
• In centum languages, they typically began with a sound ( Latin " centum " was pronounced with initial / k / ), but in satem languages, they often began with ( the example " satem " comes from the Avestan language of Zoroastrian scripture ).
• The theory was undermined in the early 20th century by the discovery of Johannes Schmidt, suggesting that the satem isogloss represents a linguistic innovation in the central part of the Proto-Indo-European home range, and the centum languages along the eastern and the western peripheries did not undergo that change.
• A large amount of linguistic change is due to innovation in a prestigious center such as Paris in French or youth culture centered on NY and LA in the US . But the phenomenon even can be found in the innovative Satem dialects of Indo-European which were centered on the Pontic homeland with the Centum languages being found on the periphery.
• 3 PIE and H became Proto-Germanic " un "; similarly for, and . " K " refers to either of the PIE sounds " 1 " or " k ", which fell together in Proto-Germanic and the other Centum languages; or to any of the nine PIE velars when followed directly by a voiceless consonant ( especially " t " ) . " H " refers to any laryngeal sound.